Teledyne GFC 7001E User Manual Page 235
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Theory of Operation Model GFC7001E Carbon Dioxide Analyzer
Teledyne Analytical Instruments 235
11.4. FLOW RATE CONTROL
To maintain a constant flow rate of the sample gas through the instrument, the GFC 7001E/EM uses a special
flow control assembly located in the exhaust gas line just before the pump. In instruments with the O
2
sensor
installed, a second flow control assembly is located between the O
2
sensor assembly and the pump. These
assemblies consist of:
A critical flow orifice.
Two o-rings: Located just before and after the critical flow orifice, the o-rings seal the gap between the
walls of assembly housing and the critical flow orifice.
A spring: Applies mechanical force needed to form the seal between the o-rings, the critical flow orifice and
the assembly housing.
11.4.1.1. Critical Flow Orifice
The most important component of this flow control assembly is the critical flow orifice.
Critical flow orifices are a remarkably simple way to regulate stable gas flow rates. They operate without moving
parts by taking advantage of the laws of fluid dynamics. By restricting the flow of gas though the orifice, a
pressure differential is created. This pressure differential combined with the action of the analyzer’s pump draws
the gas through the orifice.
As the pressure on the downstream side of the orifice (the pump side) continues to drop, the speed that the gas
flows through the orifice continues to rise. Once the ratio of upstream pressure to downstream pressure is
greater than 2:1, the velocity of the gas through the orifice reaches the speed of sound. As long as that ratio
stays at least 2:1, the gas flow rate is unaffected by any fluctuations, surges, or changes in downstream pressure
because such variations only travel at the speed of sound themselves and are therefore cancelled out by the
sonic shockwave at the downstream exit of the critical flow orifice.
SPRING
O-RINGS
FILTER
CRITICAL
FLOW
ORIFICE
A
REA OF
LOW
PRESSURE
AREA OF
HIGH
PRESSURE
Sonic
Shockwave
Figure 11-8: Flow Control Assembly & Critical Flow Orifice
- MODEL GFC 7001E FAMILY 1
- CARBON MONOXIDE ANALYZERS 1
- SAFETY MESSAGES 3
- WARRANTY 5
- ABOUT THIS MANUAL 7
- TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
- ...................257 14
- LIST OF APPENDICES 16
- LIST OF FIGURES 16
- LIST OF TABLES 18
- PART I 21
- GENERAL INFORMATION 21
- INTRODUCTION 23
- 1.2.1. USING THIS MANUAL 25
- SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVALS 27
- 2.3. TUV DESIGNATION 29
- 2.4. CE MARK COMPLIANCE 29
- GETTING STARTED 31
- ENERAL SAFETY HAZARD 36
- LECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD 36
- Back of the instrument 37
- Sides of the instrument 37
- 3.3. ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS 38
- A1 39
- 2 A3 A4 39
- 3.4. PNEUMATIC CONNECTIONS 42
- 3.4.1.2. Span Gas 43
- 3.4.2.1. Sample Gas Source 45
- 3.5. INITIAL OPERATION 46
- 3.5.1. STARTUP 47
- 3.5.2. WARM UP 48
- 3.5.3. WARNING MESSAGES 48
- 3.5.4. FUNCTIONAL CHECK 50
- 3.6.1. INTERFERENTS FOR CO 51
- MEASUREMENTS 51
- ANALYZERS WITHOUT OPTIONS 51
- 3.6.3. O 56
- 3.6.4. CO 56
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 57
- 4.2. GLOSSARY 58
- VOLTAGE OUTPUTS 63
- 5.6.1.1. Gas Flow Rate 64
- 5.6.1.2. Valve Control 64
- 5.6.2.3. Input Gas Venting 66
- 5.6.2.4. Exhaust Outlet 66
- (OPTION 50E) 71
- 5.7. COMMUNICATION OPTIONS 73
- 5.7.3. ETHERNET (OPTION 63A) 74
- 5.8. SECOND GAS SENSORS 75
- Sensor 76
- 5.9.1. CO 77
- 5.9.2. THEORY OF OPERATION 77
- 5.11. SPECIAL FEATURES 82
- PART II 83
- OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 83
- BASIC OPERATION 85
- 6.2. SAMPLE MODE 86
- 6.3. WARNING MESSAGES 88
- 6.4. CALIBRATION MODE 89
- 6.5. SETUP MODE 90
- INTERNAL CLOCK 95
- NALOG OUT 98
- 6.6.3. REPORTING RANGE MODES 99
- OF MEASURE 105
- FEATURE 106
- ADVANCED FEATURES 107
- 7.1.2. IDAS STRUCTURE 108
- RECORDS 111
- accepts the 126
- In all cases: 126
- discards the new 126
- FUNCTIONS 127
- OUTPUTS 129
- +DC Gnd 137
- CAUTION 139
- GENERAL SAFETY HAZARD 139
- GFC Wheel temperature 144
- 7.4.7. AIN CALIBRATION 146
- CONCENTRATION ALARMS 147
- REMOTE OPERATION 149
- Male DB-9 (RS-232) 150
- Female DB-9 (COM2) 150
- 8.1.3. COMM PORT BAUD RATE 151
- 8.1.5. COMM PORT TESTING 154
- 8.1.6. MACHINE ID 155
- 8.1.7.2. Command Syntax 157
- 8.1.7.3. Data Types 157
- 8.1.7.4. Status Reporting 158
- LED FUNCTION 164
- 8.5. MODBUS SETUP 171
- NETWORK 175
- CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 185
- 9.1. BEFORE CALIBRATION 186
- 9.1.2.2. Span Gas 187
- 9.1.2.3. Traceability 187
- CONFIGURATION 188
- INSTALLED 195
- Toggle keys to set 201
- Day, Month & Year: 201
- Format : DD-MON-YY 201
- Sequence Delta Time 203
- 9.5. CO CALIBRATION QUALITY 204
- Offset for CO REF signal 205
- Offset for CO MEAS signal 205
- 9.6.2. PRESSURE CALIBRATION 206
- 9.6.3. FLOW CALIBRATION 207
- 9.7.1. O 209
- 9.7.1.2. Set O 210
- Span Gas Concentration 210
- 9.7.1.3. Activate O 211
- Sensor Stability Function 211
- 9.7.1.4. O 212
- ZERO/SPAN CALIBRATION 212
- 9.7.2. CO 213
- 9.7.2.3. Activate CO 214
- 9.7.2.4. CO 215
- Zero/Span Calibration 215
- EPA CALIBRATION PROTOCOL 217
- 10.2. ZERO AND SPAN CHECKS 221
- 10.2.2. PRECISION CHECK 222
- 10.4. AUDITING PROCEDURE 223
- 10.5.1. LINEARITY TEST 224
- 10.6. REFERENCES 226
- PART III 227
- TECHNICAL INFORMATION 227
- THEORY OF OPERATION 229
- Measurement Cell 230
- Reference Cell 230
- CO MEAS 232
- 11.3. PNEUMATIC OPERATION 234
- 11.4. FLOW RATE CONTROL 235
- 11.4.2. PARTICULATE FILTER 236
- 11.4.3. PNEUMATIC SENSORS 236
- 11.5. ELECTRONIC OPERATION 237
- PC 104 Bus 238
- 11.5.3.2. IR Source 240
- 11.5.3.3. GFC Wheel 240
- Reference 241
- Measurement 241
- 11.5.3.4. IR Photo-Detector 242
- 11.5.4.1. Overview 242
- Detector 244
- 11.5.5. RELAY BOARD 245
- STATUS LED’s 246
- DC VOLTAGE TEST 246
- RELAY PCA 246
- PN 04135 246
- 11.5.6. MOTHERBOARD 247
- 11.5.6.4. Analog Outputs 248
- 11.5.10.2. Keyboard 252
- 11.5.10.3. Display 253
- 11.5.12. ADAPTIVE FILTER 256
- 11.5.11. SOFTWARE OPERATION 256
- 12.1. MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE 259
- AFTER WARM 262
- 12.3. MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 264
- TROUBLESHOOTING & REPAIR 267
- (As Displayed) 271
- FUNCTION 273
- Motherboard 274
- P/N 04069 274
- D1 – M/R Sensor Status 275
- D2 – Segment Sensor Status 275
- JP4 Connector to Opto-Pickup 275
- 13.2. GAS FLOW PROBLEMS 278
- 13.2.2.1. Flow is Zero 282
- 13.2.2.2. Low Flow 282
- 13.2.2.3. High Flow 282
- 13.3. CALIBRATION PROBLEMS 283
- ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD 285
- 13.4.2. EXCESSIVE NOISE 287
- 13.5. SUBSYSTEM CHECKOUT 288
- 13.5.3. I 289
- 13.5.5. RELAY BOARD 290
- 13.5.6. SENSOR ASSEMBLY 291
- 13.5.6.4. GFC Wheel Drive 292
- 13.5.6.5. IR Source 292
- (see Section 7.4.2) 294
- 13.5.7.4. Status Outputs 296
- 13.5.8. CPU 297
- 13.5.10. THE OPTIONAL CO 298
- SENSOR 298
- 13.6. REPAIR PROCEDURES 299
- SAFETY SHIELD 300
- SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 300
- SOURCE ASSEMBLY 300
- THERMISTOR 300
- Opto-Pickup 301
- GFC WHEEL HOUSING 301
- GAIN (CO MEAS) 302
- Adjustment Made Here 303
- 13.7. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 304
- 14.4.1. GENERAL RULES 307
- MAINTENANCE 309
- Reporting Range, 52, 90 313
- Relay Board 317
- CANNOT DYN SPAN 319
- CANNOT DYN ZERO 319
- SYSTEM RESET 319
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